Canadian arbitrators have been dealing with the issue of how to deal with video surveillance of employees for over two decades. Early decisions dealt with off-site surveillance of employees suspected of faking or exaggerating illnesses. But countless battles have since been waged over the use of video surveillance cameras in and around the workplace. When can such equipment be used in the workplace? When can the resulting evidence be relied upon?
Video cameras in the workplace
There have been numerous skirmishes over the use of security cameras covering entrances and exits to the worksite and other nonworking areas. The use of hidden cameras at the worksite as part of an investigation also has been the subject of much controversy. By far the most fever-pitched battles have been over the surveillance of production work, monitoring employees for disciplinary reasons, or conducting surveillance of social or sensitive areas of the workplace.
In each instance, the employer’s property rights and right to manage the workplace has been weighed against employees’ privacy interests. Those privacy interests find some support in privacy legislation and Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms, where applicable. There has been considerable debate, particularly in Ontario, regarding whether there exists a freestanding legal right of privacy in unionized workplaces. Despite this debate, in English Canada a general consensus has begun to emerge among arbitrators that more intrusive methods of employee monitoring such as video surveillance will be permitted only if it’s justified and reasonable in the circumstances.
In Quebec, it’s important to note that both the Quebec Civil Code and the Quebec Charter of rights and freedoms contain specific legislative provisions that protect the right of privacy and, more precisely, the right not to be subject to certain forms of intrusive observation.
Of course, context is particularly critical in these types of cases. The manner in which video cameras are deployed and the purposes for which images are to be used are vitally important. Those factors may be considered in determining the extent to which such cameras invade employees’ reasonable expectations of personal privacy. The language of a governing collective agreement may create additional hurdles or rights for an employer.
Some arbitrators have upheld the installation of cameras at various locations but placed limits on how they are used. Continuous real-time observation of video images has generally been seen as more intrusive than the review of images in response to incidents that are reported by other means. Specific tracking of individual employees will be objectionable unless there are convincing reasons for doing so. The fact that an employer has previously installed video cameras without objection will not preclude a union challenge if the employer expands the use of such cameras.
For example, in a decision following five years of arbitration hearings, Cargill Foods and UFCW, Local 633 (2008), an Ontario arbitrator ruled that the expansion of the employer’s video surveillance system to investigate incidents relating to food safety, plant security, and discipline was a legitimate exercise of management rights. However, the arbitrator also found that the employer had failed to provide the union with the notice required by the collective agreement. The arbitrator directed the employer and the union to discuss outstanding implementation issues.
Following unsuccessful discussions between the parties, the arbitrator issued another decision in 2009. In that decision, the arbitrator directed the employer to remove some cameras, provided express directions regarding the retention of the recordings, and imposed procedural requirements upon the use of such recordings in future proceedings.
Use of video evidence at arbitration
At an arbitration hearing, the use of video evidence obtained from employer-installed cameras isn’t always straightforward. While it may be relevant, and often more reliable than eye-witness accounts, that’s not the end of the matter.
Arbitrators have the discretion to receive and accept such evidence as they consider proper. They can allow or disallow evidence whether or not it would be admissible in court. However they must provide a fair hearing. Although some arbitrators have held that their discretion shouldn’t be used to exclude relevant evidence, however obtained, others have taken the opposite view in the context of video surveillance.
The same qualities that may make video evidence a more reliable form of evidence (the precise depiction of behavior and events) present a greater potential violation of employees’ privacy. As a result, some arbitrators have engaged in a “balancing of interests.” They impose a “reasonableness” test for the admission of video evidence. Under this approach, employers are required to justify both the decision to use video surveillance and the manner in which video evidence was ultimately collected.
Most Canadian arbitrators recognize that excluding relevant evidence from a hearing is an extraordinary step. As a result, they will generally allow video surveillance evidence if there are adequate signs that there was a breach of trust by the employee. If the employer has reasonable cause to believe that this is the case, video surveillance may well be an appropriate response if undertaken in a reasonable manner.
On the other hand, arbitrators have tended to exclude such evidence where video surveillance is found to be abusive or unduly intrusive. In light of the privacy concerns involved, employers are generally advised to engage in video surveillance only where they can clearly justify their actions.
Thank you for the insight. Its a bit grey but that is the nature of the beast. In a union environment,what justification would an employer need to look back on video in order to discipline an employee for time theft? (breaks,lunch) Would an arbitrator readily accept this form of evidence?