On June 29, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a historic decision in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina, effectively ending the use of affirmative action in college admissions. In the 6 to 3 vote, the justices ruled the admission programs at Harvard and the University of North Carolina (UNC) violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Background
Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA) filed separate lawsuits against Harvard and UNC, arguing the universities’ race-based admissions programs violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The district courts in both cases held bench trials to evaluate the SFFA’s claims, and both courts concluded the admissions program comported with Supreme Court precedent on the use of race in college admissions. The 1st Circuit affirmed the Harvard decision. The Supreme Court then granted certiorari in the Harvard case and certiorari before judgment in the UNC case.
Decision and Impact
In Students for Fair Admissions, the Supreme Court held that Harvard and UNC’s admission programs violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision effectively ended the use of affirmative action in college admissions. The Court reasoned that because Harvard’s and UNC’s admissions programs lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful endpoints, those admissions programs can’t be reconciled with the guarantees of the Equal Protection Clause.
However, the Court did note that nothing prohibits universities from considering an applicant’s discussion of how race affected the applicant’s life, so long as that discussion is concretely tied to a quality of character or unique ability the particular applicant can contribute to the university. Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., wrote that “[m]any universities have for too long … concluded, wrongly, that the touchstone of an individual’s identity is not challenges bested, skills built, or lessons learned, but the color of their skin. Our constitutional history does not tolerate that choice.”
The implications of this decision in employment and government contracting may be far-reaching. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Chair Charlotte Burrows issued the following statement in response to this decision:
“Today’s Supreme Court decision effectively turns away from decades of precedent and will undoubtedly hamper the efforts of some colleges and universities to ensure diverse student bodies. That’s a problem for our economy because businesses often rely on colleges and universities to provide a diverse pipeline of talent for recruitment and hiring. Diversity helps companies attract top talent, sparks innovation, improves employee satisfaction, and enables companies to better serve their customers.”
“However, the decision in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina does not address employer efforts to foster diverse and inclusive workforces or to engage the talents of all qualified workers, regardless of their background. It remains lawful for employers to implement diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility programs that seek to ensure workers of all backgrounds are afforded equal opportunity in the workplace.”
So, What Does This Mean for Employers?
It remains to be seen how this decision will impact private employers’ diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives that encourage racial or gender quotas and federal contractors subject to affirmative action programs per the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. Stay tuned for further alerts and webinars on this decision’s impact on employers as they continue to select the most qualified applicant for hire, complying with Title VII’s nondiscrimination requirements.
Jennifer G. Hall, a shareholder in the Jackson, Mississippi, office of Baker Donelson, practices in the labor and employment area as both a trial lawyer and a consultant for several of the Jackson office’s premier clients. She can be reached at jhall@bakerdonelson.com.
Tyler J. White, a summer associate at Baker Donelson and a 3L at the University of Mississippi School of Law, contributed to this article.